It contributed to her popularity and her exotic image, which scholars have described as a kind of othering, exacerbated by the fact that Western audiences often could not understand her lyrics. [113] The music that she performed was described by British writer Robin Denselow as a "unique blend of rousing township styles and jazz-influenced balladry". [10][75] While she and her husband were travelling in the Bahamas, she was banned from returning to the US, and was refused a visa.

[35], Soon after the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, Makeba learned that her mother had died. [9][37] Two of Makeba's family members were killed in the massacre. Makeba later stated that "I've never seen a country that did what Sékou Touré did for artists.

Makeba was left responsible for her two grandchildren, and decided to move out of Guinea. Makeba and Gillespie then toured the world together to promote it. It was performed in the US in St. Louis, Missouri and at the Skirball Center for the Performing Arts in New York City between October and December 2016. [135] South African singer Lira has frequently been compared with Makeba, particularly for her performance of "Pata Pata" during the opening ceremony of the 2010 Football World Cup.

[77], In 1976, the South African government replaced English with Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in all schools, setting off the Soweto uprising.

Miriam Makeba, who has died aged 76, was known as Mama Africa and the Empress of African song. [10][75] Makeba shared the 2001 Polar Music Prize with Sofia Gubaidulina.

[20] She suffered a heart attack after singing her hit song "Pata Pata", and was taken to the Pineta Grande clinic, where doctors were unable to revive her. Mandela was released in February 1990. "[139], Makeba has also been associated with the movement against colonialism, with the civil rights and black power movements in the US, and with the Pan-African movement. [63], On 15 March 1966, Makeba and Belafonte received the Grammy Award for Best Folk Recording for An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba.

[136] In an obituary, scholar Lara Allen referred to Makeba as "arguably South Africa's most famous musical export". [28] While in England, she married Sonny Pillay, a South African ballad singer of Indian descent; they divorced within a few months. [93] In 2004, she was voted 38th in a poll ranking 100 Great South Africans.

They are the way we communicate. The dominant styles of these shifted over time, moving from African jazz to recordings influenced by Belafonte's "crooning" to music drawing from traditional South African musical forms. [40], Her musical career in the US continued to flourish. [114] She was able to appeal to audiences from many political, racial, and national backgrounds. [8][10] Makeba thus became a stateless person, but she was soon issued passports by Algeria,[53] Guinea, Belgium and Ghana. The book contained descriptions of her experience with apartheid, and was also critical of the commodification and consumerism she experienced in the US. [81] Makeba later stated that it was during this period that she accepted the label "Mama Africa".

[93] She took part in the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute, a popular-music concert staged on 11 June 1988 at London's Wembley Stadium, and broadcast to an audience of 600 million across 67 countries. [145], Makeba won the Dag Hammarskjöld Peace Prize in 1986,[10] and in 2001 was awarded the Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold by the United Nations Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin, "for outstanding services to peace and international understanding".

[115] She was able to vary her voice considerably: an obituary remarked that she "could soar like an opera singer, but she could also whisper, roar, hiss, growl and shout. [2], Makeba then moved to New York, making her US music debut on 1 November 1959 on The Steve Allen Show in Los Angeles for a television audience of 60 million. Born in Johannesburg to Swazi and Xhosa parents, Makeba was forced to find employment as a child after the death of her father.

[68] Makeba's use of lyrics in Swahili, Xhosa, and Sotho led to her being seen as a representation of an "authentic" Africa by American audiences. [15] In 1956 she joined a new all-woman group, the Skylarks, singing a blend of jazz and traditional South African melodies. [20], On 9 November 2008, Makeba fell ill during a concert in Castel Volturno, near Caserta, Italy.

[63] Many of her songs were banned within South Africa, leading to Makeba's records being distributed underground, and even her apolitical songs being seen as subversive. [85] A review in the magazine Musician said that the song had "searingly righteous lyrics" about the uprising that "cut to the bone". Her vocal talent had been recognized when she was a child, and she began singing professionally in the 1950s, with the Cuban Brothers, the Manhattan Brothers, and an all-woman group, the Skylarks, performing a mixture of jazz, traditional African melodies, and Western popular music. She also incorporated Latin American musical styles into her performances. [117] When she first entered the US, she avoided discussing apartheid explicitly, partly out of concern for her family still in South Africa. [47] She also came to know actors Marlon Brando and Lauren Bacall, and musicians Louis Armstrong and Ray Charles. She could sing while making the epiglottal clicks of the Xhosa language. As a result, the couple moved to Guinea, where Carmichael changed his name to Kwame Touré.

[30] Fellow singer-activist Nina Simone became friendly with Makeba, as did actor Cicely Tyson;[48] Makeba and Simone performed together at Carnegie Hall. [41][101], Makeba, Gillespie, Simone, and Masekela recorded and released her studio album, Eyes on Tomorrow, in 1991. The incident left her concerned about her family, many of whom were still in South Africa, including her daughter: the nine-year-old Bongi joined her mother in the US in August 1960.

She continued recording and performing, including a 1991 album with Nina Simone and Dizzy Gillespie, and appeared in the 1992 film Sarafina!. Illegal brewing and consumption was common. [143], Makeba's 1965 collaboration with Harry Belafonte won a Grammy Award, making her the first African recording artist to win this award.

[116] Her songs in African languages have been described as reaffirming black pride. During her early career in South Africa she had been seen as a sex symbol, an image that received considerably less attention in the US. [2][9][86], Makeba's daughter Bongi, who was a singer in her own right and had often accompanied her mother on stage, died in childbirth in 1985. It is kind of painful to be away from everything that you've ever known. Following growing pressure from the anti-apartheid movement both domestically and internationally, in 1990 State President Frederik Willem de Klerk reversed the ban on the African National Congress and other anti-apartheid organisations, and announced that Mandela would shortly be released from prison. After her father's death, she was forced to find employment; she did domestic work,[9] and worked as a nanny. © 2017 Dead or Kicking / All Rights Reserved. Maybe, if I knew, I never would have left. [10][75] Her work with Belafonte in the 1960s has been described as creating the genre of world music before the concept entered the popular imagination, and also as highlighting the diversity and cultural pluralism within African music. Return to South Africa, final years and death. [70][71] During its recording, she and Belafonte had a disagreement, after which they stopped recording together. [30] She visited Kenya in 1962 in support of the country's independence from British colonial rule,[51] and raised funds for its independence leader Jomo Kenyatta. [20] The film blended elements of documentary and fiction and had to be filmed in secret as the government was expected to be hostile to it. [9] As the fact of her ban from South Africa became well known she became a cause célébre for Western liberals, and her presence in the civil rights movement provided a link between that movement and the anti-apartheid struggle. She once stated "When Afrikaaners sing in my language, then I will sing theirs. She had a brief and allegedly abusive first marriage at the age of 17, gave birth to her only child in 1950, and survived breast cancer.

[34] As was common in her profession, she experienced some financial insecurity, and worked as a babysitter for a period.



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