Bi-multilingual dictionaries published in Persia include eighty-four English (mainly English-Persian), fifty-one French (including one by M. Ḥ. Ṣanīʿ-al-Dawla, Tehran, 1863), twenty-seven German, eight Turkish, five Armenian, five Russian, five Italian, three Spanish (1984-85), two Esperanto (1984), two Swedish (Swedish-Persian, 1988; Persian-Swedish, 1989), one Hebrew-Persian (1966), a Chinese-Persian (1981), an Urdu-Persian (1986), and a multi-language (1933) dictionaries. The diphtong is described here, for example. 301-03; Storey, pp. The most important dictionaries written in this period are Farhang-e Nafīsī byAlī-Akbar Nafīsī Nāẓam-al-Aṭṭebāʾ (5 vols., Tehran, 1938-55), Far-hang-e Neẓām, by Moḥammad-ʿAlī Dāʿī-al-Eslām (5 vols., Hyderabad, 1346-58/1926-39, repr. 97, 99). There are also two dictionaries of legal and religious terms from the 17th century, namely a versified one called Abwāb al-ʿolūm by Darvīš Jāmī and Enteḵābīya, compiled by Mollā Ebrāhīm in India. Early lexicography in Persia (4th-9th/10th-15th cent.). ca. Ḥekmat, pp. A dictionary by Moḥammad-Ḥasan Khan Ṣanīʿ-al-Dawla (Dictionaire des homonymes, Tehran, 1883) and another one attributed to Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (Dictionaire manuel Français-Persan,Tehran, 1878) are also worth mentioning. It was used by Enjū Šīrāzī, Sorūrī, and Wafāʾī. I actually don't agree with some of the common official spellings in Iran where the Latin alphabet is concerned. S. Nafīsī, “Farhanghā-ye fārsī,” in Borhān-e qāṭeʿ, ed. The former inspired the Moṣarreḥat al-asmaʾ of Loṭf-Allāh Ḥalīmī (d. 922/1516), a Persian tutor at the Ottoman court who also compiled several Persian dictionaries. Moʾayyed al-fożalāʾ (comp. Which is all good and well, I just expected there to be a correct way to write a word with vowel signs - as in, I am a a first-grader and the teacher is going to mark my misspelling. The Persian material is taken mainly from Borhān-e qāteʿ (q.v.). A more scholarly and better documented dictionary written a few decades later is Majmaʿ al-fors by Sorūrī Kāšānī. The abundance of manuscripts, printed editions, commentaries, and imitations of the Neṣāb attests to its enormous success; it and its congeners were staples of traditional elementary schools throughout the Turco-Persian world. Raḥmat-Allāhī, Ketāb-šenāsī-e farhangā-ye do-zabāna wa čand-zabāna-ye fārsī, Tehran, 1366 Š./1987. 690/1291), the book was probably compiled in the late 13th or early 14th century (Nafīsī’s suggestion of 9th/15th century, Naẓm o naṯr, p. 258, is untenable). The Mohaḏḏeb al-asmāʾ of Qāżī Maḥmūd b. The author mentions as his sources Tājayn, (i.e.,Tāj al-maṣāder of Bayhaqī and Tāj al-lōḡa of Jawharī or the annonymous Tāj al-asmāʾ), Ṣorāhá, Mohaḏḏab al-asmāʾ, Qonyat al fetyān for Arabic and on Zafān-egūyā, Adāt al-fożalāʾ, Šaraf-nāma-ye Monyarī, Moʾayyed al-fożalāʾ, etc. This dictionary, arranged thematically, is divided into five chapters (baḵš); each chapter is divided into sections (gūna) comprised of a number of sub-sections (bahra). 82-84). Let's take the word گوجه. M. Dabīrsīāqī, 3 vols., Tehran, 1337-41 Š./1958-62. در اوایل سال ۲۰۰۳، لی درنهایت، از چهار گروه کارآموزی مختلف اسام، پنج پسر نوجوان را برگزید. Early Persian-Turkish dictionaries were compiled in Ottomon Turkey. 81-82). In the waning of the Safavid period Mahdīqolī Khan Ṣafā was commissioned by Shah Solṭān Ḥosayn (1105-35/1694-1722) to compile the Samāʾ al-asmāʾ. 80-81). نه نتها دین اشتباه است ، بلکه این مسخره نیز هست. 4-16), all of which differ in the number of entries and verses as well as the entry definitions. The bulk of the 7,000 entries are alphabetically ordered by initial, with glosses sometimes in Arabic instead of Persian; appended are some topical sections on names of months, days, etc. In terms of the number of dictionaries compiled, Asian languages other than Arabic include Turkish (more than 40 titles), Urdu (12 titles), Armenian (8 titles), Pashto (5 titles), Hindi (4 titles), Chinese (3 titles), Japanese (2 titles), and Syriac, Hebrew, Gujarati, and Bengali (1 title each). The author has also used Meʿyār-e jamālī, the dictionary of Šams-al-Dīn Moḥammad Kašmīrī and some other sources for a limited number of entries. Interesting! In Baku a Persian-Russian-Azeri dictionary by Mīr Bābāyef was published in 1945, while in Yerevan, Ārām Būdāḡīān published his Persian-Armenian dictionary in 1961.
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