North American river otters also inhabit the forested regions of the Pacific coast in North America. Even such fast-swimming species as trout become lethargic in extremely cold water, with a commensurate increase in their vulnerability to predation. [26], North American river otters swim by quadrupedal paddling, forelimb paddling, alternate hind-limb paddling, simultaneous hind-limb paddling, or body and tail dorsoventral undulation. Although other prey species are of temporary significance to the North American river otter, the deciding factor whether the North American river otter can establish itself as a permanent resident of one location is the year-round availability of fish. [9] The species epithet canadensis means "of Canada". Sliding across snow and ice is a rapid and efficient means of travel, and otters traveling over mountain passes, between drainages, or descending from mountain lakes often slide continuously for several hundred meters. UPDATE: Free passes will be available online, Friday, May 14, at 12:25 p.m. 97% of our funds go towards program and support services, with only 3% going towards fundraising. [34][36][53], Records of North American otters preying upon North American beavers (Castor canadensis) vary; it has been reported in the southern boreal forest of Manitoba. However, water pollution, uncontrolled trapping and severe habitat loss have reduced the number of river otters. Prior to the arrival of the next litter, the North American river otter yearlings venture out in search of their own home ranges.[44]. The use of den and resting sites is chiefly opportunistic, although locations that provide protection and seclusion are preferred. Moreover, a western Oregon study revealed fish remains were present in 80% of the 103 digestive tracts examined. 37402 . The North American river otters may leave the den by eight weeks and are capable of sustaining themselves upon the arrival of fall, but they usually stay with their families, which sometimes include the father, until the following spring. Female otters prepare dens that they keep scrupulously clean. [32] [19] About one-third of the animal's total length consists of a long, tapered tail. Females are roughly one-third the size of males. North American river otters are known for their playful swimming, but they are also an important species for helping scientists understand the health of river systems. Family groups may include helpers, which can be made up of unrelated adults, yearlings, or juveniles. Reintroduction projects have expanded their distribution in recent years, especially in the Midwestern United States. River Otter. [1], During the 1970s, improvements in natural resource management techniques emerged, along with increased concerns about North American river otter population declines in North America. It has a long, slender body covered in brown, water proof fur. North American river otters can remain underwater for nearly 4 minutes, swim at speeds approaching 11 km/h (6.8 mph), dive to depths nearing 20 m (22 yd), and travel up to 400 m (440 yd) while underwater. Rear leg paddling enables continuous sliding where gravity is an insufficient or an opposing force. These include mudminnows (Umbra limi) and sculpins (Cottus spp.). Crustaceans may even be consumed more than fish. The otter's ears and nostrils close underwater. The Zoo reopens May 21! River otters stay in family groups during the summer and early fall. North American river otters also may use hollow trees or logs, undercut banks, rock formations, backwater sloughs, and flood debris. [30][38] North American river otters do not generally handle prey of a large size relative to themselves but there are occasions where they've been observed ambushing and killing adult common snapping turtles while the large turtles (which are roughly equal in average body weight to a North American river otter) are hibernating. Young are born between April and May and arrive silky black, blind, toothless and totally helpless. North American river otters rely upon play to learn survival skills such as fighting and hunting. Home ranges of males are larger than those of females, and both sexes exhibit intra- and intersexual overlap of their domains. [1] The North American river otter existed on all parts of the Pacific Coast, including the seashore and inland streams and lakes. [2], North American river otters, like most predators, prey upon the most readily accessible species. ), chubs (Semotilus spp. They remain as a family unit for seven to eight months or until the birth of a new litter. Now more than ever, we need your support. [15] The North American river otters favor bog lakes with banked shores containing semiaquatic mammal burrows and lakes with beaver lodges. The North American river otter is the most abundant otter species, but surprisingly little is known about its life in the wild. North American Countries Animals Lists. It can tolerate a great range of temperature and elevations. Description: A medium-sized, elongated mammal with a cylindrical body; a broad, flattened head with a prominent nose pad and whiskers; and a long, heavy tail that is fully furred and tapers from a broad base to a point. [15], In early spring, expectant mothers begin to look for a den where they can give birth. Several North American river otters may even cooperate while fishing. [15], The North American river otter is physically well-equipped for aquatic life. Using fertilizers sparingly, keeping storm drains free of litter and picking up after your pet can also improve watershed health. Pups grow rapidly and emerge from the den at about 2 months of age. [34] However, many other studies did not report any findings of North American beaver remains in the scat sampled. Because the North American river otters delay implantation for at least eight months, the interval between copulation and parturition can reach 10–12 months. Otter play mostly consists of wrestling with conspecifics. Free timed-entry Asia Trail/Panda Passes are required for giant panda viewing. With the tail's strong, undulating movement, a river otter propels itself through the water as fast as 8 miles (13 kilometers) per hour and can easily dive to 36 feet (11 meters) or more. When females leave, they tend to move much further away (60–90 km or 37–56 mi) than males (up to 30 km or 19 mi), which tend to move shorter distances. Information about river otter breeding and reproductive and social behavior is varied due to the difficulty of studying these animals in the wild. [11], In a new classification, the species is called Lontra canadensis, where the genus Lontra includes all the New World river otters. However, North American river otters remain rare or absent in the southwestern United States. ); and Ictaluridae, which consists of bullheads and catfish (Ictalurus spp.). [52] However, when water levels are lower, crayfish will seek out shelter while fish become more highly concentrated and susceptible to predation. While swimming at the surface, the dorsal portion of the North American river otter's head, including nostrils, ears, and eyes, is exposed above water. Water pollution and other diminution of aquatic and wetland habitats may limit distribution and pose long-term threats if the enforcement of water quality standards is not upheld. River otters leave scent marks on vegetation within their home range. [41] Recently, long-term genetic consequences of reintroduction projects on remnant North American river otter populations has been discussed. The kits open their eyes after 30–38 days. North American river otters are active year-round, and are most active at night and during crepuscular hours. [28] This availability is influenced by the following factors: detectability and mobility of the prey, habitat availability for the various prey species, environmental factors, such as water depth and temperature, and seasonal changes in prey supply and distribution in correspondence with otter foraging habitat. Are you a hunter? [22] Den sites include burrows dug by woodchucks (Marmota monax), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), nutria (Myocastor coypus), or beaver and muskrat lodges. [14] The earliest known fossil of Lontra canadensis, found in the US Midwest, is from the Irvingtonian stage (1,800,000 to 300,000 years ago). The course of the Nile River as it flows from south to north through Egypt to drain into the Mediterranean Sea. The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis), also known as the northern river otter or common otter, is a semiaquatic mammal endemic to the North American continent found in and along its waterways and coasts. Copulation is vigorous, and is interrupted by periods of rest. North American river otters also may use a birdlike chirp for communication over longer distances, but the most common sound heard among a group of otters is low-frequency chuckling. North American river otters living in groups hunt and travel together, use the same dens, resting sites, and latrines, and perform allogrooming. [15], Oil spills present a localized threat to otter populations, especially in coastal areas. All visitors will require free entry passes and be required to follow safety measures. [35] However, North American river otters, as foragers, will immediately take advantage of other prey when readily obtainable. They live in riparian zones, often in the same areas as beavers. They host numerous endoparasites, such as nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, the sporozoan Isopora, and acanthocephalans. Adult males also commonly establish enduring social groupings, some documented to comprise as many as 17 individuals. [27] During winter, the North American river otters heavily use openings in the ice, and may excavate passages in beaver dams for accessing open water. River otters belong to the weasel family. The tail, which is stout and larger in surface area than the limbs, is used for stability while swimming and for short bursts of rapid propulsion. North American river otter inhabitation is affected by type, distribution, and density of aquatic habitats and characteristics of human activities. In addition, riverine habitats in interior regions supported smaller, but practical, otter populations. [29] For instance, Catostomidae are the primary dietary component of North American river otters in Colorado's Upper Colorado River Basin. In many places, the populations have re-established themselves because of conservation initiatives. That home range shrinks drastically during breeding and rearing season. They prefer unpolluted water with a minimal human disturbance. Otter births occur most frequently in March or April. Different studies have placed the breeding season in winter, late spring and summer. [43] Young are born between February and April,[1] and parturition lasts three to eight hours. [1] North American river otter harvests correlate positively with the North American beaver harvests and with the average beaver pelt price from the preceding year. The story of the resurgence of river otters in North America is one of the greatest success stories of modern wildlife conservation. It must remain in motion to maintain its position at the surface. [25] When left unchecked, though, otter depredations can be quite significant under certain circumstances (e.g. A third eyelid, or nictitating membrane, protects the eye and allows the otter to see when swimming underwater. The smell and hearing abilities of the North American river otter are acute. [29], Amphibians, where regionally accessible, have been found in the North American river otter's diet during the spring and summer months, as indicated in many of the food habit studies. North American river otters are likely the most numerous of the otter species. Male North American river otters disperse from such family groups more often than females. Encounters between North American river otters and beavers are not necessarily hostile. The North American river otter is found throughout North America, inhabiting inland waterways and coastal areas in Canada, the Pacific Northwest, the Atlantic states, and the Gulf of Mexico. Resolution of such conflicts will usually require removal and/or relocation of nuisance otters. The ears are short, the neck is the same diameter as the head, the legs are short and powerful, the toes are fully webbed, and the tail (one-third of body length) is tapered. [18] An average adult male weighs about 11.3 kilograms (25 lb) against the female's average of 8.3 kilograms (18 lb). During the dry season, they will recede from the marshland and move to permanent ponds, where water is available and food is in greater supply. [32][49] Susceptibility of these species is greatest during the summer (when waterfowl broods are vulnerable) and autumn. Since 1976, over 4,000 otters have been reintroduced in 21 U.S. states. [15], The mothers raise their young without aid from adult males. When at play or traveling, they sometimes give off low, purring grunts. There are several Native American and pioneer historical sites to visit along the river corridor. Sea otters weigh more -- around 45-90 pounds -- with large, furry faces. The most common fish consumed are perch, suckers, and catfish. [29] In Georgia, crayfish accounted for two-thirds of the prey in the summer diet, and their remnants were present in 98% of the summer spraint. [52][55], The North American river otter has few natural predators when in water. These otters are frequently observed playing and sliding together. Otters. When the mothers have established their domains, they give birth to several kits. They do not dig their own dens, but use other animals' dens or … [15], North American river otters are polygynous. The North American river otter has a delicate sense of touch in the paws in addition to great dexterity. A clinal reduction in size may exist from north to south along the Pacific coast, but not from east to west. [31][33], Mammals are rarely consumed by North American river otters, and are not a major dietary component. Home ranges of North American river otters increase in size on oiled areas compared to unoiled areas, and individual otters also modify their habitat use. [19] At birth, the North American river otters are fully furred, blind, and toothless. I have no doubt [30] However, river otters will prey on trout, pike, walleye (Sander vitreus vitreus), salmon (Oncorhynchus spp. [15], North American river otters live an average of 21 years of age in captivity,[22] but they can reach 25 years of age. In Idaho, North American river otters and beavers were recorded in the same beaver lodge simultaneously on three separate occasions. [20] It differs from the European otter by its longer neck, narrower visage, the smaller space between the ears and its shorter tail. For years, river otters have been hunted for their fur, and their pelts are still an important source of income for many people in Canada. Otters have five toes and the heel pad tends to be somewhat horseshoe shaped. These analyses suggest they diverged in the Miocene epoch 23.03 to 5.33 million years ago (Mya), which is "much earlier" than indicated in the fossil record. North American river otters also currently inhabit coastal regions throughout the United States and Canada. [34] Other species of birds found within their diets include: northern pintail (Anas acuta); mallard (Anas platyrhynchos); canvasback (Aythya valisineria); ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis); and the American coot (Fulica americana). In Mexico, the North American river otters lived in the Rio Grande and Colorado River Deltas. River otters can be found in the freshwater areas of the preserve especially in the cypress swamp. [25] Other fish an integral part of the North American river otters' diets are those that are often plentiful and found in large schools: sunfish (Lepomis spp. North American river otters, also called Canadian otters, have long, muscular, streamlined bodies with short legs and fully webbed feet bearing non-retractable claws. MRC 5516 Otters reach sexual maturity at 2 to 3 years of age. The mean tracheal length of the North American river otter is 15.3 cm (6.0 in), or 23.2% of the body length. White man came to the Salmon River in the very early 1800's following Lewis and Clark's 1805 expedition. He is a florist that resides within the Rainforest District with his wife, Mrs. Otterton, and their two children. [15] They have long bodies, and long whiskers that are used to detect prey in dark waters. These otters are frequently observed playing and sliding together. However, it is positively associated with the number of beaver flowages, watershed length, and average shoreline diversity. ), shiners (Notropis and Richardsonius spp. [22], Although commonly called a "river otter", the North American river otter is found in a wide variety of aquatic habitats, both freshwater and coastal marine, including lakes, rivers, inland wetlands, coastal shorelines, marshes, and estuaries. Daily movements of family groups averaged 4.7, 4.4, and 2.4 km (2.9, 2.7, and 1.5 mi) in spring, summer, and winter, respectively. River otters are much smaller -- averaging 10-30 pounds -- with a cylindrical body and small head. One Broad Street Chattanooga, TN. Because they have a low tolerance for polluted water, river otters are considered by some naturalists to be a good indicator, or "keystone," species of the quality of aquatic habitats. [30][32] They are less likely to be prey for the North American river otters since they are fast-swimming and can find good escape cover. [15], Aquatic life ties North American river otters almost exclusively to permanent watersheds. We currently track 319 animals in North-America and are adding more every day! Check the conservation status of the animals you hunt and use methods that don’t impact other animals. When the pups are about two months old and their coats grow in, their mother introduces them to the water. When a copious supply of food dwindles or other prey becomes available, North American otters either transfer to a new location or convert their dietary choices to the most adequate prey. When you become a member, you also receive exclusive benefits, like special opportunities to meet animals, discounts at Zoo stores and more. Little effort has gone into assessing the threat of disease to wild North American river otter populations, so it is poorly understood and documented. Consequently, many wildlife management agencies developed strategies to restore or enhance otter populations, including the use of reintroduction projects. They also receive mice, carrots, hard-boiled eggs, clams, crayfish, dry kibble, crickets and live fish for variety and enrichment. Fur of senescent river otters may become white-tipped, and rare albinos may occur. The playful North American river otter is equally at home in the water and on land. ), and squawfishes (Ptychocheilus spp. [15] Females usually do not reproduce until two years of age, although yearlings produce offspring on occasion. North America's largest North American river otter populations were found in areas with an abundance and diversity of aquatic habitats, such as coastal marshes, the Great Lakes region, and glaciated areas of New England. [28] River otter fur ranges from light to dark, rich brown. [33], Although they consume birds, North American river otters do not feed on bird eggs. [15] North American river otters only settle in areas that consist of vegetation, rock piles, and sufficient coverage. Organize or attend a stream, river, lake or other waterway cleanup in your area to preserve aquatic habitats for local species. Terrestrial predators include the bobcat (Lynx rufus), mountain lion (Puma concolor), coyote (Canis latrans), domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), wolf (Canis lupus), black bear (Ursus americanus) and (in young or small North American river otters) red fox (Vulpes vulpes) . A highly active predator, the North American river otter has adapted to hunting in water, and eats aquatic and semiaquatic animals. From mid-winter through the breeding season, adult females move and den alone. The North American river otters may compete with the American mink (Mustela vison) for resources. [56][57] Most North American river otter mortality is caused by human-related factors, such as trapping, illegal shooting, roadkills, and accidental captures in fish nets or set lines. [5][6][7], The range of the North American river otter has been significantly reduced by habitat loss, beginning with the European colonization of North America. They have been virtually eliminated through many parts of their range, especially around heavily populated areas in the midwestern and eastern United States. Female estrus lasts about a month per year,[42] and true gestation lasts 61–63 days. When threatened or frightened, they emit a hair-raising scream that can be heard up to 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers) across the water. The otters migrated to North America and southwards again across the Panamanian Land Bridge, which formed 3 Mya. [46] In late 2012, a river otter nicknamed Sutro Sam took up residence around the former site of the Sutro Baths in San Francisco, the first river otter sighting in that city in more than half a century. [25][33], Amphibians and reptiles are more obtainable by the North American river otter during the spring and summer as a result of breeding activity, appropriate temperatures, and water supply for the prey. There have also been some reports of river otters attacking and even drowning dogs. [33] Crustaceans (crayfish), where regionally available, are the second-most important prey for otters. In freshwater systems, groups occur most often in autumn and during early winter. These qualities give the North American river otter a streamlined profile in water, but reduce agility on land. The river otter is protected and insulated by a thick, water-repellent coat of fur. [1] The number of corpora lutea increases directly with age. [15] North American river otters characteristically approach within a few feet of a boat or a person on shore because they're near-sighted, a consequence of vision adapted for underwater sight. After an absence of more than a century, its range is … Regionally extinct throughout the Midwest and heavily populated areas in the east, several states have recently begun reintroduction programs. River otters are found throughout most of North America from the Rio Grande to Canada and Alaska, except for in arid deserts and the treeless Arctic. The vulnerability and seasonal availability of prey animals mainly governs its food habits and prey choices. Accidental deaths may be the result of ice flows or shifting rocks. Have you heard? The species name was Lutra canadensis. The aims of the OSG, as set out by the IUCN, are to: 1. In Florida, inhabitation of North American river otters is lowest in freshwater marshes, intermediate in salt marshes, and highest in swamp forests. [58] Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction currently, but may become so unless trade is closely controlled. Click any of the countries below to see a detailed list of animals located in that country! [15], Communication among North American river otters is accomplished mainly by olfactory and auditory signals. Emmitt's disappearance becomes the driving force of the film. [28] Otters are known to take larger fish on land to eat, whereas smaller fish are consumed in the water. The otters experienced a steep … The river otter is Minnesota's largest aquatic carnivore that lives in most northern Minnesota lakes, ponds, and streams. ), and other game fish during spawning. 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